add misc handlers, cleanup and fixes

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Add/AddAxImmHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+using X86Disassembler.X86.Operands;
+
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Add;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for ADD AX, imm16 instruction (0x05 with 0x66 prefix)
+/// </summary>
+public class AddAxImmHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the AddAxImmHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public AddAxImmHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // ADD AX, imm16 is encoded as 0x05 with 0x66 prefix
+        if (opcode != 0x05)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Only handle when the operand size prefix is present
+        return Decoder.HasOperandSizePrefix();
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an ADD AX, imm16 instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.Add;
+
+        // Check if we have enough bytes for the immediate value
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadUShort())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Read the immediate value
+        ushort imm16 = Decoder.ReadUInt16();
+
+        // Create the AX register operand
+        var axOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(RegisterIndex.A, 16);
+
+        // Create the immediate operand
+        var immOperand = OperandFactory.CreateImmediateOperand(imm16);
+
+        // Set the structured operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = 
+        [
+            axOperand,
+            immOperand
+        ];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/And/AndAxImmHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+using X86Disassembler.X86.Operands;
+
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.And;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for AND AX, imm16 instruction (0x25 with 0x66 prefix)
+/// </summary>
+public class AndAxImmHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the AndAxImmHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public AndAxImmHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder) 
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+    
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // AND AX, imm16 is encoded as 0x25 with 0x66 prefix
+        if (opcode != 0x25)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Only handle when the operand size prefix is present
+        return Decoder.HasOperandSizePrefix();
+    }
+    
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an AND AX, imm16 instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.And;
+
+        // Check if we have enough bytes for the immediate value
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadUShort())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Read the immediate value
+        ushort imm16 = Decoder.ReadUInt16();
+
+        // Create the AX register operand
+        var axOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(RegisterIndex.A, 16);
+
+        // Create the immediate operand
+        var immOperand = OperandFactory.CreateImmediateOperand(imm16);
+
+        // Set the structured operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = 
+        [
+            axOperand,
+            immOperand
+        ];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/And/AndImmToRm16Handler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+using X86Disassembler.X86.Operands;
+
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.And;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for AND r/m16, imm16 instruction (0x81 /4 with 0x66 prefix)
+/// </summary>
+public class AndImmToRm16Handler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the AndImmToRm16Handler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public AndImmToRm16Handler(InstructionDecoder decoder) 
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+    
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // AND r/m16, imm16 is encoded as 0x81 with 0x66 prefix
+        if (opcode != 0x81)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Only handle when the operand size prefix is present
+        if (!Decoder.HasOperandSizePrefix())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Check if we can read the ModR/M byte
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Check if the reg field of the ModR/M byte is 4 (AND)
+        var reg = ModRMDecoder.PeakModRMReg();
+        return reg == 4; // 4 = AND
+    }
+    
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an AND r/m16, imm16 instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.And;
+
+        // Read the ModR/M byte to get the destination operand
+        var (_, reg, _, destinationOperand) = ModRMDecoder.ReadModRM16();
+
+        // Check if we have enough bytes for the immediate value
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadUShort())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Read the immediate value
+        ushort imm16 = Decoder.ReadUInt16();
+
+        // Create the immediate operand
+        var sourceOperand = OperandFactory.CreateImmediateOperand(imm16);
+
+        // Set the structured operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = 
+        [
+            destinationOperand,
+            sourceOperand
+        ];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/And/AndImmToRm16SignExtendedHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+using X86Disassembler.X86.Operands;
+
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.And;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for AND r/m16, imm8 instruction (0x83 /4 with 0x66 prefix)
+/// </summary>
+public class AndImmToRm16SignExtendedHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the AndImmToRm16SignExtendedHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public AndImmToRm16SignExtendedHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder) 
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+    
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // AND r/m16, imm8 is encoded as 0x83 with 0x66 prefix
+        if (opcode != 0x83)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Only handle when the operand size prefix is present
+        if (!Decoder.HasOperandSizePrefix())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Check if we can read the ModR/M byte
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Check if the reg field of the ModR/M byte is 4 (AND)
+        var reg = ModRMDecoder.PeakModRMReg();
+        return reg == 4; // 4 = AND
+    }
+    
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an AND r/m16, imm8 instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.And;
+
+        // Read the ModR/M byte to get the destination operand
+        var (_, reg, _, destinationOperand) = ModRMDecoder.ReadModRM16();
+        
+        // Check if we have enough bytes for the immediate value
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Read the immediate value and sign-extend it to 16 bits
+        sbyte imm8 = (sbyte)Decoder.ReadByte();
+        short signExtendedImm = imm8;
+        ushort imm16 = (ushort)signExtendedImm;
+
+        // Create the immediate operand
+        var sourceOperand = OperandFactory.CreateImmediateOperand(imm16);
+
+        // Set the structured operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = 
+        [
+            destinationOperand,
+            sourceOperand
+        ];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/And/AndR16Rm16Handler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+using X86Disassembler.X86.Operands;
+
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.And;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for AND r16, r/m16 instruction (0x23 with 0x66 prefix)
+/// </summary>
+public class AndR16Rm16Handler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the AndR16Rm16Handler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public AndR16Rm16Handler(InstructionDecoder decoder) 
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+    
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // AND r16, r/m16 is encoded as 0x23 with 0x66 prefix
+        if (opcode != 0x23)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Only handle when the operand size prefix is present
+        return Decoder.HasOperandSizePrefix();
+    }
+    
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an AND r16, r/m16 instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.And;
+
+        // Check if we can read the ModR/M byte
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // For AND r16, r/m16 (0x23 with 0x66 prefix):
+        // - The reg field of the ModR/M byte specifies the destination register
+        // - The r/m field with mod specifies the source operand (register or memory)
+        var (_, reg, _, sourceOperand) = ModRMDecoder.ReadModRM16();
+
+        // Create the destination register operand with 16-bit size
+        var destinationOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(reg, 16);
+
+        // Set the structured operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = 
+        [
+            destinationOperand,
+            sourceOperand
+        ];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/And/AndRm16R16Handler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+using X86Disassembler.X86.Operands;
+
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.And;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for AND r/m16, r16 instruction (0x21 with 0x66 prefix)
+/// </summary>
+public class AndRm16R16Handler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the AndRm16R16Handler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public AndRm16R16Handler(InstructionDecoder decoder) 
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+    
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // AND r/m16, r16 is encoded as 0x21 with 0x66 prefix
+        if (opcode != 0x21)
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Only handle when the operand size prefix is present
+        return Decoder.HasOperandSizePrefix();
+    }
+    
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an AND r/m16, r16 instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.And;
+
+        // Check if we can read the ModR/M byte
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // For AND r/m16, r16 (0x21 with 0x66 prefix):
+        // - The reg field of the ModR/M byte specifies the source register
+        // - The r/m field with mod specifies the destination operand (register or memory)
+        var (_, reg, _, destinationOperand) = ModRMDecoder.ReadModRM16();
+
+        // Create the source register operand with 16-bit size
+        var sourceOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(reg, 16);
+
+        // Set the structured operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = 
+        [
+            destinationOperand,
+            sourceOperand
+        ];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/InstructionHandlerFactory.cs

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ using X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Imul;
 using X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Inc;
 using X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Jump;
 using X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Lea;
+using X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
 using X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Mov;
 using X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Mul;
 using X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Neg;
@@ -36,21 +37,15 @@ namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers;
 public class InstructionHandlerFactory
 {
     private readonly List<IInstructionHandler> _handlers = [];
-    private readonly byte[] _codeBuffer;
     private readonly InstructionDecoder _decoder;
-    private readonly int _length;
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Initializes a new instance of the InstructionHandlerFactory class
     /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="codeBuffer">The buffer containing the code to decode</param>
     /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this factory</param>
-    /// <param name="length">The length of the buffer</param>
+    public InstructionHandlerFactory(InstructionDecoder decoder)
-    public InstructionHandlerFactory(byte[] codeBuffer, InstructionDecoder decoder, int length)
     {
-        _codeBuffer = codeBuffer;
         _decoder = decoder;
-        _length = length;
 
         RegisterAllHandlers();
     }
@@ -61,7 +56,7 @@ public class InstructionHandlerFactory
     private void RegisterAllHandlers()
     {
         // Register specific instruction handlers
-        _handlers.Add(new Int3Handler(_decoder));
+        _handlers.Add(new Nop.Int3Handler(_decoder));
 
         // Register handlers in order of priority (most specific first)
         RegisterSbbHandlers();        // SBB instructions
@@ -95,7 +90,7 @@ public class InstructionHandlerFactory
         RegisterSubHandlers(); // Register SUB handlers
         RegisterNopHandlers(); // Register NOP handlers
         RegisterBitHandlers(); // Register bit manipulation handlers
-        RegisterAndHandlers(); // Register AND handlers
+        RegisterMiscHandlers(); // Register miscellaneous instructions
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -471,11 +466,29 @@ public class InstructionHandlerFactory
     private void RegisterNopHandlers()
     {
         // Register NOP handlers
-        _handlers.Add(new NopHandler(_decoder));                // NOP (opcode 0x90)
+        _handlers.Add(new Nop.NopHandler(_decoder));                // NOP (opcode 0x90)
         _handlers.Add(new TwoByteNopHandler(_decoder));         // 2-byte NOP (opcode 0x66 0x90)
         _handlers.Add(new MultiByteNopHandler(_decoder));       // Multi-byte NOP (opcode 0F 1F /0)
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Registers all miscellaneous instruction handlers
+    /// </summary>
+    private void RegisterMiscHandlers()
+    {
+        // Register miscellaneous instruction handlers
+        _handlers.Add(new IntHandler(_decoder));        // INT (opcode 0xCD)
+        _handlers.Add(new IntoHandler(_decoder));       // INTO (opcode 0xCE)
+        _handlers.Add(new IretHandler(_decoder));       // IRET (opcode 0xCF)
+        _handlers.Add(new CpuidHandler(_decoder));      // CPUID (opcode 0x0F 0xA2)
+        _handlers.Add(new RdtscHandler(_decoder));      // RDTSC (opcode 0x0F 0x31)
+        _handlers.Add(new HltHandler(_decoder));        // HLT (opcode 0xF4)
+        _handlers.Add(new WaitHandler(_decoder));       // WAIT (opcode 0x9B)
+        _handlers.Add(new LockHandler(_decoder));       // LOCK (opcode 0xF0)
+        _handlers.Add(new InHandler(_decoder));         // IN (opcodes 0xE4, 0xE5, 0xEC, 0xED)
+        _handlers.Add(new OutHandler(_decoder));        // OUT (opcodes 0xE6, 0xE7, 0xEE, 0xEF)
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Registers all bit manipulation instruction handlers
     /// </summary>

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Misc/CpuidHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for CPUID instruction (0x0F 0xA2)
+/// </summary>
+public class CpuidHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the CpuidHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public CpuidHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // CPUID is encoded as 0x0F 0xA2
+        if (opcode != 0x0F)
+            return false;
+
+        // Check if we can read the second byte
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+            return false;
+
+        // Check if the second byte is 0xA2
+        byte secondByte = Decoder.PeakByte();
+        return secondByte == 0xA2;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a CPUID instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.Cpuid;
+        
+        // Read and discard the second byte (0xA2)
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+            return false;
+            
+        Decoder.ReadByte();
+        
+        // CPUID has no operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = [];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Misc/HltHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for HLT instruction (0xF4)
+/// </summary>
+public class HltHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the HltHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public HltHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // HLT is encoded as 0xF4
+        return opcode == 0xF4;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a HLT instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.Hlt;
+        
+        // HLT has no operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = [];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Misc/InHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+using X86Disassembler.X86.Operands;
+
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for IN instruction (0xE4, 0xE5, 0xEC, 0xED)
+/// </summary>
+public class InHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the InHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public InHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // IN AL, imm8 is encoded as 0xE4
+        // IN EAX, imm8 is encoded as 0xE5
+        // IN AL, DX is encoded as 0xEC
+        // IN EAX, DX is encoded as 0xED
+        return opcode == 0xE4 || opcode == 0xE5 || opcode == 0xEC || opcode == 0xED;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an IN instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.In;
+
+        // Determine the operands based on the opcode
+        Operand destOperand;
+        Operand srcOperand;
+
+        switch (opcode)
+        {
+            case 0xE4: // IN AL, imm8
+                destOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand8(RegisterIndex8.AL);
+                
+                // Check if we can read the immediate byte
+                if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+                    return false;
+                
+                // Read the immediate byte (port number)
+                byte imm8 = Decoder.ReadByte();
+                srcOperand = OperandFactory.CreateImmediateOperand(imm8);
+                break;
+                
+            case 0xE5: // IN EAX, imm8
+                destOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(RegisterIndex.A, 32);
+                
+                // Check if we can read the immediate byte
+                if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+                    return false;
+                
+                // Read the immediate byte (port number)
+                imm8 = Decoder.ReadByte();
+                srcOperand = OperandFactory.CreateImmediateOperand(imm8);
+                break;
+                
+            case 0xEC: // IN AL, DX
+                destOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand8(RegisterIndex8.AL);
+                srcOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(RegisterIndex.D, 16);
+                break;
+                
+            case 0xED: // IN EAX, DX
+                destOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(RegisterIndex.A, 32);
+                srcOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(RegisterIndex.D, 16);
+                break;
+                
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        // Set the structured operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = 
+        [
+            destOperand,
+            srcOperand
+        ];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Misc/IntHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
+
+using X86Disassembler.X86.Operands;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for INT instruction (0xCD)
+/// </summary>
+public class IntHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the IntHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public IntHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // INT is encoded as 0xCD
+        return opcode == 0xCD;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an INT instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.Int;
+
+        // Check if we can read the immediate byte
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+        {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        // Read the immediate byte (interrupt vector)
+        byte imm8 = Decoder.ReadByte();
+
+        // Create an immediate operand for the interrupt vector
+        var operand = OperandFactory.CreateImmediateOperand(imm8);
+
+        // Set the structured operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = 
+        [
+            operand
+        ];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Misc/IntoHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for INTO instruction (0xCE)
+/// </summary>
+public class IntoHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the IntoHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public IntoHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // INTO is encoded as 0xCE
+        return opcode == 0xCE;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an INTO instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.Into;
+        
+        // INTO has no operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = [];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Misc/IretHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for IRET/IRETD instruction (0xCF)
+/// </summary>
+public class IretHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the IretHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public IretHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // IRET/IRETD is encoded as 0xCF
+        return opcode == 0xCF;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an IRET/IRETD instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.Iret;
+        
+        // IRET/IRETD has no operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = [];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Misc/LockHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for LOCK prefix (0xF0)
+/// </summary>
+public class LockHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the LockHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public LockHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // LOCK prefix is encoded as 0xF0
+        return opcode == 0xF0;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a LOCK prefix
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.Lock;
+        
+        // LOCK prefix has no operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = [];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Misc/OutHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+using X86Disassembler.X86.Operands;
+
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for OUT instruction (0xE6, 0xE7, 0xEE, 0xEF)
+/// </summary>
+public class OutHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the OutHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public OutHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // OUT imm8, AL is encoded as 0xE6
+        // OUT imm8, EAX is encoded as 0xE7
+        // OUT DX, AL is encoded as 0xEE
+        // OUT DX, EAX is encoded as 0xEF
+        return opcode == 0xE6 || opcode == 0xE7 || opcode == 0xEE || opcode == 0xEF;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes an OUT instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.Out;
+
+        // Determine the operands based on the opcode
+        Operand destOperand;
+        Operand srcOperand;
+
+        switch (opcode)
+        {
+            case 0xE6: // OUT imm8, AL
+                // Check if we can read the immediate byte
+                if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+                    return false;
+                
+                // Read the immediate byte (port number)
+                byte imm8 = Decoder.ReadByte();
+                destOperand = OperandFactory.CreateImmediateOperand(imm8);
+                srcOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand8(RegisterIndex8.AL);
+                break;
+                
+            case 0xE7: // OUT imm8, EAX
+                // Check if we can read the immediate byte
+                if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+                    return false;
+                
+                // Read the immediate byte (port number)
+                imm8 = Decoder.ReadByte();
+                destOperand = OperandFactory.CreateImmediateOperand(imm8);
+                srcOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(RegisterIndex.A, 32);
+                break;
+                
+            case 0xEE: // OUT DX, AL
+                destOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(RegisterIndex.D, 16);
+                srcOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand8(RegisterIndex8.AL);
+                break;
+                
+            case 0xEF: // OUT DX, EAX
+                destOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(RegisterIndex.D, 16);
+                srcOperand = OperandFactory.CreateRegisterOperand(RegisterIndex.A, 32);
+                break;
+                
+            default:
+                return false;
+        }
+
+        // Set the structured operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = 
+        [
+            destOperand,
+            srcOperand
+        ];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Misc/RdtscHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for RDTSC instruction (0x0F 0x31)
+/// </summary>
+public class RdtscHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the RdtscHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public RdtscHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // RDTSC is encoded as 0x0F 0x31
+        if (opcode != 0x0F)
+            return false;
+
+        // Check if we can read the second byte
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+            return false;
+
+        // Check if the second byte is 0x31
+        byte secondByte = Decoder.PeakByte();
+        return secondByte == 0x31;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a RDTSC instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.Rdtsc;
+        
+        // Read and discard the second byte (0x31)
+        if (!Decoder.CanReadByte())
+            return false;
+            
+        Decoder.ReadByte();
+        
+        // RDTSC has no operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = [];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/Handlers/Misc/WaitHandler.cs

@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+namespace X86Disassembler.X86.Handlers.Misc;
+
+/// <summary>
+/// Handler for WAIT/FWAIT instruction (0x9B)
+/// </summary>
+public class WaitHandler : InstructionHandler
+{
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Initializes a new instance of the WaitHandler class
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="decoder">The instruction decoder that owns this handler</param>
+    public WaitHandler(InstructionDecoder decoder)
+        : base(decoder)
+    {
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Checks if this handler can decode the given opcode
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode to check</param>
+    /// <returns>True if this handler can decode the opcode</returns>
+    public override bool CanHandle(byte opcode)
+    {
+        // WAIT/FWAIT is encoded as 0x9B
+        return opcode == 0x9B;
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Decodes a WAIT/FWAIT instruction
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="opcode">The opcode of the instruction</param>
+    /// <param name="instruction">The instruction object to populate</param>
+    /// <returns>True if the instruction was successfully decoded</returns>
+    public override bool Decode(byte opcode, Instruction instruction)
+    {
+        // Set the instruction type
+        instruction.Type = InstructionType.Wait;
+        
+        // WAIT/FWAIT has no operands
+        instruction.StructuredOperands = [];
+
+        return true;
+    }
+}

X86Disassembler/X86/InstructionDecoder.cs

@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ public class InstructionDecoder
         _prefixDecoder = new PrefixDecoder();
 
         // Create the instruction handler factory
-        _handlerFactory = new InstructionHandlerFactory(_codeBuffer, this, _length);
+        _handlerFactory = new InstructionHandlerFactory(this);
     }
 
     /// <summary>
@@ -131,15 +131,6 @@ public class InstructionDecoder
                     }
                 }
             }
-            
-            // For MOV instructions with segment override prefixes in tests, skip the remaining bytes
-            // This is a special case handling for the segment override tests
-            if (handlerSuccess && hasSegmentOverride && instruction.Type == InstructionType.Mov)
-            {
-                // Skip to the end of the buffer for MOV instructions with segment override prefixes
-                // This is needed for the segment override tests
-                _position = _length;
-            }
         }
         else
         {
@@ -159,16 +150,24 @@ public class InstructionDecoder
         if (_prefixDecoder.HasRepPrefix())
         {
             // Map instruction types with REP prefix to specific REP-prefixed instruction types
+            // Note: REP and REPE are the same prefix (0xF3)
             instruction.Type = instruction.Type switch
             {
                 InstructionType.MovsB => InstructionType.RepMovsB,
+                InstructionType.MovsW => InstructionType.RepMovsW,
                 InstructionType.MovsD => InstructionType.RepMovsD,
                 InstructionType.StosB => InstructionType.RepStosB,
+                InstructionType.StosW => InstructionType.RepStosW,
                 InstructionType.StosD => InstructionType.RepStosD,
                 InstructionType.LodsB => InstructionType.RepLodsB,
+                InstructionType.LodsW => InstructionType.RepLodsW,
                 InstructionType.LodsD => InstructionType.RepLodsD,
                 InstructionType.ScasB => InstructionType.RepScasB,
+                InstructionType.ScasW => InstructionType.RepScasW,
                 InstructionType.ScasD => InstructionType.RepScasD,
+                InstructionType.CmpsB => InstructionType.RepeCmpsB,
+                InstructionType.CmpsW => InstructionType.RepeCmpsW,
+                InstructionType.CmpsD => InstructionType.RepeCmpsD,
                 _ => instruction.Type // Keep original type for other instructions
             };
         }
@@ -177,8 +176,15 @@ public class InstructionDecoder
             // Map instruction types with REPNE prefix to specific REPNE-prefixed instruction types
             instruction.Type = instruction.Type switch
             {
+                InstructionType.StosB => InstructionType.RepneStosB,
+                InstructionType.StosW => InstructionType.RepneStosW,
+                InstructionType.StosD => InstructionType.RepneStosD,
                 InstructionType.ScasB => InstructionType.RepneScasB,
+                InstructionType.ScasW => InstructionType.RepneScasW,
                 InstructionType.ScasD => InstructionType.RepneScasD,
+                InstructionType.CmpsB => InstructionType.RepneCmpsB,
+                InstructionType.CmpsW => InstructionType.RepneCmpsW,
+                InstructionType.CmpsD => InstructionType.RepneCmpsD,
                 _ => instruction.Type // Keep original type for other instructions
             };
         }

X86Disassembler/X86/PrefixDecoder.cs

@@ -148,43 +148,4 @@ public class PrefixDecoder
     {
         return _repnePrefix;
     }
-    
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Applies the segment override prefix to the operands string if applicable
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="operands">The operands string</param>
-    /// <returns>The operands string with segment override applied</returns>
-    public string ApplySegmentOverride(string operands)
-    {
-        if (_segmentOverridePrefix && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(operands))
-        {
-            // If the instruction has memory operands, add the segment override
-            if (operands.Contains("["))
-            {
-                // Replace the first '[' with the segment override
-                return operands.Replace("[", $"{_segmentOverride}:[" );
-            }
-        }
-        
-        return operands;
-    }
-    
-    /// <summary>
-    /// Applies the REP/REPNE prefix to the mnemonic if applicable
-    /// </summary>
-    /// <param name="mnemonic">The mnemonic</param>
-    /// <returns>The mnemonic with REP/REPNE prefix applied</returns>
-    public string ApplyRepPrefix(string mnemonic)
-    {
-        if (_repnePrefix && !mnemonic.StartsWith("repne"))
-        {
-            return $"repne {mnemonic}";
-        }
-        else if (_repPrefix && !mnemonic.StartsWith("rep"))
-        {
-            return $"rep {mnemonic}";
-        }
-        
-        return mnemonic;
-    }
 }

X86DisassemblerTests/InstructionTests/DebugHandlerRegistration.cs

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public class DebugHandlerRegistration
         // Create a factory
         byte[] codeBuffer = new byte[1];
         var decoder = new InstructionDecoder(codeBuffer, codeBuffer.Length);
-        var sut = new InstructionHandlerFactory(codeBuffer, decoder, codeBuffer.Length);
+        var sut = new InstructionHandlerFactory(decoder);
 
         // Get the handlers registered in the factory
         var handlers = (List<IInstructionHandler>)sut.GetType()

X86DisassemblerTests/InstructionTests/HandlerSelectionTests.cs

@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ public class HandlerSelectionTests
         // Arrange
         byte[] codeBuffer = new byte[] {0x83, 0xC1, 0x04}; // ADD ecx, 0x04
         var decoder = new InstructionDecoder(codeBuffer, codeBuffer.Length);
-        var factory = new InstructionHandlerFactory(codeBuffer, decoder, codeBuffer.Length);
+        var factory = new InstructionHandlerFactory(decoder);
 
         // Act
         var handler = factory.GetHandler(0x83);

X86DisassemblerTests/InstructionTests/InstructionHandlerFactoryTests.cs

@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ public class InstructionHandlerFactoryTests
     public void Factory_ShouldNotContainDuplicates()
     {
         byte[] code = new byte[] {0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC};
-        var sut = new InstructionHandlerFactory(code, new InstructionDecoder(code, code.Length), code.Length);
+        var sut = new InstructionHandlerFactory(new InstructionDecoder(code, code.Length));
 
         var handlers = (List<IInstructionHandler>) sut.GetType()
             .GetField("_handlers", BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic)!
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ public class InstructionHandlerFactoryTests
     public void Factory_ShouldContainAllKnownHandlers()
     {
         byte[] code = new byte[] {0xCC, 0xCC, 0xCC};
-        var sut = new InstructionHandlerFactory(code, new InstructionDecoder(code, code.Length), code.Length);
+        var sut = new InstructionHandlerFactory(new InstructionDecoder(code, code.Length));
 
         var handlers = (List<IInstructionHandler>) sut.GetType()
             .GetField("_handlers", BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.NonPublic)!